I was a tube amp tech for several years, have built multiple guitar amps from scratch, and still dabble in it.
What may not be obvious is that modern tube amp designs are an evolutionary branch from 1930's technology, with only a little coming across from the transistor->digital tech tree. The amps of the 40s and 50s were pretty closely based on reference designs that came from RCA and other tube manufacturers.
Modern passive components (resistors, diodes and caps) are made to a far higher tolerance and are better understood, but tubes and transformers are a mixed bag. The older designs were somewhat overbuilt and can be more reliable or have tonal characteristics that are not available in modern parts.
I always found fascinating the power section of valve amp for guitar will always be made of a very basic rectifier circuit to convert AC to DC that requires a expensive transformer and produce power with a terrible efficiency compared to more modern SMPS. Why is it nobody interested in valve amp never go the SMPS path? Is it all because sag is a desirable sound distortion?
The key diagram is the one that shows the signal path through the amplifier. Input feeds grid, plate feeds next grid, final output is from plate. Everything else is supporting circuitry.
Note that between each stage there's a capacitor in the signal path. That's to block DC. If you want an amp that amplifies DC, each stage has to run at a higher voltage than the previous stage. The plate must be above the grid in voltage.
This was a huge headache in tube computers, both analog and digital.
Transistor circuits don't have the increasing voltage problem. Outputs and inputs are in the same voltage range. That's because transistors are current gain devices, not voltage gain devices.
> Note that between each stage there's a capacitor in the signal path. That's to block DC. If you want an amp that amplifies DC, each stage has to run at a higher voltage than the previous stage. The plate must be above the grid in voltage. This was a huge headache in tube computers, both analog and digital.
You can also stick a voltage divider (and probably some diode clamping) in there to pull the signal off of the plate down to a grid compatible voltage for the next stage if you're just doing digital computing. That was the most common setup I've seen in tube based computing. They tended to play pretty nice with the resistors needed for the plate current anyway so it wasn't that much extra RC constant delay.
It's not exactly what I'd call a rounding error, but it's manageable. But yeah, tube computing in general is an exercise in building a really fancy space heater.
I'm trying to keep my tube computer I'm building down to ~3KW, and that's probably the biggest actual constraint on design complexity.
Echoes of vacuum tubes in my memories: seeing tube testers in drug stores as a child (thinking they looked like either scientific equipment or else science-fiction props—and accidentally left just feet from the penny-candy), as well as peering into the back of our small B&W TV growing up (and marveling at the "city of light" inside there: all the orange glowing filaments from the tubes…).
And gone by the time I was old enough to be interested in electronics.
Nonetheless, my curiosity about them remained and I did eventually seek out books to understand how they worked. I have since built perhaps a dozen hi-fi stereo and mono-block tube amplifiers—some from kits, some from scratch. I've built a handful of guitar amps as well (even sold some as kits for a bit). Point to point, tagboard, PCBs…
Anyone that likes to tinker in electronics I recommend they try their hand at at least one tube project (probably an amp of some kind).
>Anyone that likes to tinker in electronics I recommend they try their hand at at least one tube project (probably an amp of some kind).
Only if they are aware of the voltages and current often associated with tube setups. One bad move can be painful, or fatal in some cases.
I used to work on guitar amplifiers, doing modifications on tube amps. Messing around with the internals demanded my focus, a level of attention most "tinkerers" aren't likely ready for. Not trying to gatekeep here, just suggesting it may not be something for "anyone that likes to tinker".
I will second your recommendation and also recommend all of his ‘Tested’ videos. The microphone ‘Tested’ video was also an absolute delight.
The delivery style gets to some people (i.e. “I’m not ___ I just play guitar…”) but i find it absolutely fine.
I moved on from tube amps about 15 years ago and now really enjoy a variety of different solid state amplification stages with varying EQ and ‘dirt’ options at various places. Turns out a lot like were Jim’s Video goes.
I had a 1971 Marshall tube amp land in my lap, for free. I'm not a guitar player, but wanted to get it fixed it up before either selling it or learning guitar. There's a lot of "magic" there - the amp guy asked if I wanted to swap the tubes for some "more authentic" tubes that were used in England at the time. Pro tip - don't ask the internet for advice for making your tube amp sound nice, you'll get every opinion possible.
Guitar amps are all about getting the right kind of harmonic distortion, so of course the guy had opinions. But tube rolling is madness, avoid it at all costs.
You don’t even need to ask! Generally speaking, you don’t want a guitar amp to sound nice, you want it to sound good, good being a function of many things.
For clean sound, use compatible radio preamp tubes and bias the power tubes conservatively.
For distorted sound, use the lowest overhead preamp tubes you can find, and bias the power tubes as hot as you dare without them breaking within the hour. You can always change them after a gig, or between sets. :-)
Fun vacuum tube history fact: the humble vacuum tube actually traces its origins back to Edison’s incandescent light bulbs. Those early bulbs would mysteriously blacken over time, and for years nobody could figure out why. It wasn’t until 1904 that John Ambrose Fleming connected the dots — the darkening came from metal burned off the filament, and in studying it, he created the first true vacuum tube. So the vacuum tube, the heart of early electronics, was born from the same simple light bulb that first lit our homes.
Excellent website, I'm an electrical engineer by trade, and play guitar. Back in college tube amps were long, long gone for anything other than microwave engineering.
My first real amp was a JCM800 2203 (technically a JMP "Mk 2 master model", which is just a cascaded JMP/Plexi, which Marshall then later re-released as JCM800 when their export deal expired...but I digress), and when I got into modding this website was my first real encounter with easy explained guides of the circuits.
it's a bit weird that I never thought about it before this, when I already had the facts in my head: the triode tube amplifier was invented by Lee de Forest, but he had no idea how it worked or even what it was capable of. then 45 years later, the solid state transistor amplifier was invented, and they had no idea how it worked either.
for people who have not had much EE education, what is important about triodes and transistors is that they amplify. you can put a signal in (a signal like from a microphone responding to your voice), and put some power in (like from a battery) and these amplifiers can make an output "copy" of the signal which is more powerful/"louder" than the original.
from this basic function, everything that we think of as "electronic" flows. we would still have electric things like light bulbs, heaters, spark plugs, electromagnets, but basically just electric steam punk frankenstein machines, and nothing subtle. Amplifiers are termed "active" electronics; without them, we'd simply have passive electricity.
I didn't read this article because I already know how these things work, and the article looks extremely confusing, and I've already read my fill of explanations that don't explain anything and (not saying this is one of those) I don't want to even risk that again. it is very difficult to find explanations for how transistors work that make any sense at all.
> he solid state transistor amplifier was invented, and they had no idea how it worked either.
That cannot possibly be true. Not knowing what exactly is going on with the charge carriers at the subatomic and quantum levels is not the same as not knowing how the amplifier works: like if we fiddle with the voltage at the base, we can influence the collector current, and all the rest.
What is true is that some early transistor designs of audio amps treated transistors like tubes: they featured a phase inverter transistor that fed two non-complementary push-pull stages whose output was combined by a center-tapped output transformer.
The excuse that well-matched complementary PNP transistors were not readily available at that time rings hollow, because it's possible to create an push-pull output stage with just NPN transistors. This is called "quasi complementary" (lots of search results for this).
Output transformers, if they have multiple taps in the secondary winding, do allow for different impedances. If the end users expect to be able to plug a 16 ohm speaker into a 16 ohm output jack and a 4 ohm into 4 ohm, then they will understand that kind of amp better.
>That cannot possibly be true. Not knowing what exactly is going on with the charge carriers at the subatomic and quantum levels is not the same as not knowing how the amplifier works
since everything that happens inside a transistor is exactly what is going on in a quantum sense, you've described "not knowing how it works". You cannot understand a bipolar transistor without quantum effects, it's the thing that creates the transistor effect.
the theory of amplifiers you go on to talk about was well developed at that time because it's the same theory for vacuum tubes.
You can empirically drive the equations that apparently govern the macroscopic behaviors, right down to details like temperature sensitivity, and the Early effect, without having a detailed model of what is going on at the atomic and subatomic level.
Then what makes an amplifier work is explained by those equations. And for that not even the full detail of them is necessarily required, depending on what aspect of the amplifier we need to explain. Like basic operation versus concern for thermal runaway.
What makes the amplifier work and what makes the transistor work are separate concepts.
That's why understanding translates from tube circuits to transistors. A transistor circuit maybe an emitter follower, which has a counterpart in tube circuits known as the cathode follower. The cathode resistor creates local negative feedback similarly to an emitter resistor. Early op amps where tube circuits. They have the same differential input stage and the same basic theory of operation. You program their game the same way with resistors. The familiar Sallen-Key filter topology was first described with the help of tube circuits for reference, back in 1955. To undestand it, we don't even need the details like how amplifiers work at the component level except when we get into design parameters in which certain issues matter, like frequency-bandwidth product, or input offset current or whatever.
Radio Shack sold PA amplifiers with an output transformer well past the age of the tube, like the MPA series, e.g. MPA-40, a 20 W mplifier. On that thing you can obtain the raw amplifier output using the "70V" terminal. Then it has a number of through-the-trafo outputs labelled with nominal ohmages of speakers.
The Owner's manual extols the advantages of using transformers for speakers and describes how to use the 70V output in conjunction with external transformers.
Quote:
For complex multiple-speaker arrangements that require many speakers and
long runs of connecting wire, we recommend you use a line transformer (not
supplied), available at your local RadioShack store.
[...]
There are several advantages to using
transformers.
• You can connect speakers with different impedances without causing
differences in output between the
speakers.
• You can add or remove a speaker
without having to recalculate the
entire system’s impedance.
• You can reduce signal loss when
you use speaker wire over 50 feet
long.
Sound masking systems still use 70V audio output with output transformers at each speaker, voltage drop is rough when your signal is only a few volts and you’re using small conductors. Last time I sold a sound masking install we used 14/2 cable for the 70V audio signal.
They're quite popular for distributed audio systems in general (of which sound masking is one type). "Constant voltage audio" comes in a few flavors and 70v is very common in the US, other parts of the world often use 100v. Background music systems in retail, voice paging systems, etc use constant voltage hardware because its much better technology for very long cable runs, daisy-chained speakers, and centrally located amplifiers.
The cost is fidelity. Full-range audio transformers aren't cheap, so these systems usually make some compromises because your announcements or smooth jazz over the pasta aisle don't need to be true hi-fi.
Its cool technology. Most of the speakers have variable power taps, so you can run a bunch of them in parallel on a single line and control the actual volume as-needed based on where the speaker is deployed by varying the transformer tap on each speaker.
Rob Robinette is a great guitar-amp resource; knows just about everything about Fender amps in particular. He has many mods to many common/not-so-common Fenders.
Just his list of 5E3 mods (Fender Deluxe) is awesome:
Tangential question: Does anyone know of a basic large-signal equation for a triode (or any other vacuum tube type) like the simplified Ebers-Moll equation for BJTs or the square law equations for the linear and saturation regions of a MOSFET? It would really help my understanding, but whenever I google it I only see academic papers, like it's a weird thing to search for.
"All models are wrong, but some are useful." -- George Box
With that said, a N type JFET is not a bad start. The main rules of thumb work: The grid draws negligible current. The tube will pass enough current from plate to cathode, to maintain a roughly constant cathode voltage above the grid.
If I understand them correctly, Ebers-Moll equations are based on the exponential relationship between voltage and current in a BJT.
But tubes aren't current amplifiers, they're voltage amplifiers, like FETs.
You can look at the "characteristics curves" of tubes (plate curves and transconductance curves), which tell the story of current against plate-to-cathode voltages for fixed grid voltages.
The intractability of the Triode is part of the reason why the Pentode exists. And, you will note, the Pentode curves in certain modes looks a lot like your bog standard MOSFET.
Sorry, but adblock is a genuine quality of life hack for everyone online. Since you don't want to install anything, how about working at the DNS level and/or hosts level? https://adguard-dns.io/en/welcome.html will change your mind. https://github.com/Ultimate-Hosts-Blacklist is another option for doing it in the hosts file.
Ok, I suggest that you install the "Stoutner, privacy browser", which treats seeing text, as the default, with the ability to allow other content as optional, though certain sites that are still hand coded, show, as they always have....adds and all.
I was a tube amp tech for several years, have built multiple guitar amps from scratch, and still dabble in it.
What may not be obvious is that modern tube amp designs are an evolutionary branch from 1930's technology, with only a little coming across from the transistor->digital tech tree. The amps of the 40s and 50s were pretty closely based on reference designs that came from RCA and other tube manufacturers.
Modern passive components (resistors, diodes and caps) are made to a far higher tolerance and are better understood, but tubes and transformers are a mixed bag. The older designs were somewhat overbuilt and can be more reliable or have tonal characteristics that are not available in modern parts.
I always found fascinating the power section of valve amp for guitar will always be made of a very basic rectifier circuit to convert AC to DC that requires a expensive transformer and produce power with a terrible efficiency compared to more modern SMPS. Why is it nobody interested in valve amp never go the SMPS path? Is it all because sag is a desirable sound distortion?
That's a cute little article.
The key diagram is the one that shows the signal path through the amplifier. Input feeds grid, plate feeds next grid, final output is from plate. Everything else is supporting circuitry.
Note that between each stage there's a capacitor in the signal path. That's to block DC. If you want an amp that amplifies DC, each stage has to run at a higher voltage than the previous stage. The plate must be above the grid in voltage. This was a huge headache in tube computers, both analog and digital.
Transistor circuits don't have the increasing voltage problem. Outputs and inputs are in the same voltage range. That's because transistors are current gain devices, not voltage gain devices.
> Note that between each stage there's a capacitor in the signal path. That's to block DC. If you want an amp that amplifies DC, each stage has to run at a higher voltage than the previous stage. The plate must be above the grid in voltage. This was a huge headache in tube computers, both analog and digital.
You can also stick a voltage divider (and probably some diode clamping) in there to pull the signal off of the plate down to a grid compatible voltage for the next stage if you're just doing digital computing. That was the most common setup I've seen in tube based computing. They tended to play pretty nice with the resistors needed for the plate current anyway so it wasn't that much extra RC constant delay.
That won't help with the power consumption though, I guess. (Or is that a rounding error compared to everything else?)
It's not exactly what I'd call a rounding error, but it's manageable. But yeah, tube computing in general is an exercise in building a really fancy space heater.
I'm trying to keep my tube computer I'm building down to ~3KW, and that's probably the biggest actual constraint on design complexity.
Echoes of vacuum tubes in my memories: seeing tube testers in drug stores as a child (thinking they looked like either scientific equipment or else science-fiction props—and accidentally left just feet from the penny-candy), as well as peering into the back of our small B&W TV growing up (and marveling at the "city of light" inside there: all the orange glowing filaments from the tubes…).
And gone by the time I was old enough to be interested in electronics.
Nonetheless, my curiosity about them remained and I did eventually seek out books to understand how they worked. I have since built perhaps a dozen hi-fi stereo and mono-block tube amplifiers—some from kits, some from scratch. I've built a handful of guitar amps as well (even sold some as kits for a bit). Point to point, tagboard, PCBs…
Anyone that likes to tinker in electronics I recommend they try their hand at at least one tube project (probably an amp of some kind).
>Anyone that likes to tinker in electronics I recommend they try their hand at at least one tube project (probably an amp of some kind).
Only if they are aware of the voltages and current often associated with tube setups. One bad move can be painful, or fatal in some cases.
I used to work on guitar amplifiers, doing modifications on tube amps. Messing around with the internals demanded my focus, a level of attention most "tinkerers" aren't likely ready for. Not trying to gatekeep here, just suggesting it may not be something for "anyone that likes to tinker".
I'd like to plug the YouTube Video by Jim Lill - "Tested: Where Does The Tone Come From In A Guitar Amplifier?"
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wcBEOcPtlYk
I will second your recommendation and also recommend all of his ‘Tested’ videos. The microphone ‘Tested’ video was also an absolute delight.
The delivery style gets to some people (i.e. “I’m not ___ I just play guitar…”) but i find it absolutely fine.
I moved on from tube amps about 15 years ago and now really enjoy a variety of different solid state amplification stages with varying EQ and ‘dirt’ options at various places. Turns out a lot like were Jim’s Video goes.
I had a 1971 Marshall tube amp land in my lap, for free. I'm not a guitar player, but wanted to get it fixed it up before either selling it or learning guitar. There's a lot of "magic" there - the amp guy asked if I wanted to swap the tubes for some "more authentic" tubes that were used in England at the time. Pro tip - don't ask the internet for advice for making your tube amp sound nice, you'll get every opinion possible.
Guitar amps are all about getting the right kind of harmonic distortion, so of course the guy had opinions. But tube rolling is madness, avoid it at all costs.
There is a whole range of useable distortions, so a lot of the opinions mainly boils down to genre bias.
E.g. to a metalhead, any tone that doesn't "chug" is useless, including something useable to a jazz fusion player.
You don’t even need to ask! Generally speaking, you don’t want a guitar amp to sound nice, you want it to sound good, good being a function of many things.
For clean sound, use compatible radio preamp tubes and bias the power tubes conservatively.
For distorted sound, use the lowest overhead preamp tubes you can find, and bias the power tubes as hot as you dare without them breaking within the hour. You can always change them after a gig, or between sets. :-)
Goodness, I hope you weren't injured.
Fun vacuum tube history fact: the humble vacuum tube actually traces its origins back to Edison’s incandescent light bulbs. Those early bulbs would mysteriously blacken over time, and for years nobody could figure out why. It wasn’t until 1904 that John Ambrose Fleming connected the dots — the darkening came from metal burned off the filament, and in studying it, he created the first true vacuum tube. So the vacuum tube, the heart of early electronics, was born from the same simple light bulb that first lit our homes.
Excellent website, I'm an electrical engineer by trade, and play guitar. Back in college tube amps were long, long gone for anything other than microwave engineering.
My first real amp was a JCM800 2203 (technically a JMP "Mk 2 master model", which is just a cascaded JMP/Plexi, which Marshall then later re-released as JCM800 when their export deal expired...but I digress), and when I got into modding this website was my first real encounter with easy explained guides of the circuits.
it's a bit weird that I never thought about it before this, when I already had the facts in my head: the triode tube amplifier was invented by Lee de Forest, but he had no idea how it worked or even what it was capable of. then 45 years later, the solid state transistor amplifier was invented, and they had no idea how it worked either.
for people who have not had much EE education, what is important about triodes and transistors is that they amplify. you can put a signal in (a signal like from a microphone responding to your voice), and put some power in (like from a battery) and these amplifiers can make an output "copy" of the signal which is more powerful/"louder" than the original.
from this basic function, everything that we think of as "electronic" flows. we would still have electric things like light bulbs, heaters, spark plugs, electromagnets, but basically just electric steam punk frankenstein machines, and nothing subtle. Amplifiers are termed "active" electronics; without them, we'd simply have passive electricity.
I didn't read this article because I already know how these things work, and the article looks extremely confusing, and I've already read my fill of explanations that don't explain anything and (not saying this is one of those) I don't want to even risk that again. it is very difficult to find explanations for how transistors work that make any sense at all.
> he solid state transistor amplifier was invented, and they had no idea how it worked either.
That cannot possibly be true. Not knowing what exactly is going on with the charge carriers at the subatomic and quantum levels is not the same as not knowing how the amplifier works: like if we fiddle with the voltage at the base, we can influence the collector current, and all the rest.
What is true is that some early transistor designs of audio amps treated transistors like tubes: they featured a phase inverter transistor that fed two non-complementary push-pull stages whose output was combined by a center-tapped output transformer.
The excuse that well-matched complementary PNP transistors were not readily available at that time rings hollow, because it's possible to create an push-pull output stage with just NPN transistors. This is called "quasi complementary" (lots of search results for this).
Output transformers, if they have multiple taps in the secondary winding, do allow for different impedances. If the end users expect to be able to plug a 16 ohm speaker into a 16 ohm output jack and a 4 ohm into 4 ohm, then they will understand that kind of amp better.
>That cannot possibly be true. Not knowing what exactly is going on with the charge carriers at the subatomic and quantum levels is not the same as not knowing how the amplifier works
since everything that happens inside a transistor is exactly what is going on in a quantum sense, you've described "not knowing how it works". You cannot understand a bipolar transistor without quantum effects, it's the thing that creates the transistor effect.
the theory of amplifiers you go on to talk about was well developed at that time because it's the same theory for vacuum tubes.
You can empirically drive the equations that apparently govern the macroscopic behaviors, right down to details like temperature sensitivity, and the Early effect, without having a detailed model of what is going on at the atomic and subatomic level. Then what makes an amplifier work is explained by those equations. And for that not even the full detail of them is necessarily required, depending on what aspect of the amplifier we need to explain. Like basic operation versus concern for thermal runaway.
What makes the amplifier work and what makes the transistor work are separate concepts.
That's why understanding translates from tube circuits to transistors. A transistor circuit maybe an emitter follower, which has a counterpart in tube circuits known as the cathode follower. The cathode resistor creates local negative feedback similarly to an emitter resistor. Early op amps where tube circuits. They have the same differential input stage and the same basic theory of operation. You program their game the same way with resistors. The familiar Sallen-Key filter topology was first described with the help of tube circuits for reference, back in 1955. To undestand it, we don't even need the details like how amplifiers work at the component level except when we get into design parameters in which certain issues matter, like frequency-bandwidth product, or input offset current or whatever.
Radio Shack sold PA amplifiers with an output transformer well past the age of the tube, like the MPA series, e.g. MPA-40, a 20 W mplifier. On that thing you can obtain the raw amplifier output using the "70V" terminal. Then it has a number of through-the-trafo outputs labelled with nominal ohmages of speakers.
The Owner's manual extols the advantages of using transformers for speakers and describes how to use the 70V output in conjunction with external transformers.
Quote:
For complex multiple-speaker arrangements that require many speakers and long runs of connecting wire, we recommend you use a line transformer (not supplied), available at your local RadioShack store.
[...]
There are several advantages to using transformers.
• You can connect speakers with different impedances without causing differences in output between the speakers.
• You can add or remove a speaker without having to recalculate the entire system’s impedance.
• You can reduce signal loss when you use speaker wire over 50 feet long.
LOL!
Sound masking systems still use 70V audio output with output transformers at each speaker, voltage drop is rough when your signal is only a few volts and you’re using small conductors. Last time I sold a sound masking install we used 14/2 cable for the 70V audio signal.
https://www.atlasied.com/speech-privacy-speakers?srsltid=Afm...
They're quite popular for distributed audio systems in general (of which sound masking is one type). "Constant voltage audio" comes in a few flavors and 70v is very common in the US, other parts of the world often use 100v. Background music systems in retail, voice paging systems, etc use constant voltage hardware because its much better technology for very long cable runs, daisy-chained speakers, and centrally located amplifiers.
The cost is fidelity. Full-range audio transformers aren't cheap, so these systems usually make some compromises because your announcements or smooth jazz over the pasta aisle don't need to be true hi-fi.
Its cool technology. Most of the speakers have variable power taps, so you can run a bunch of them in parallel on a single line and control the actual volume as-needed based on where the speaker is deployed by varying the transformer tap on each speaker.
*output transformers
Rob Robinette is a great guitar-amp resource; knows just about everything about Fender amps in particular. He has many mods to many common/not-so-common Fenders.
Just his list of 5E3 mods (Fender Deluxe) is awesome:
https://robrobinette.com/5e3_Modifications.htm
Tangential question: Does anyone know of a basic large-signal equation for a triode (or any other vacuum tube type) like the simplified Ebers-Moll equation for BJTs or the square law equations for the linear and saturation regions of a MOSFET? It would really help my understanding, but whenever I google it I only see academic papers, like it's a weird thing to search for.
"All models are wrong, but some are useful." -- George Box
With that said, a N type JFET is not a bad start. The main rules of thumb work: The grid draws negligible current. The tube will pass enough current from plate to cathode, to maintain a roughly constant cathode voltage above the grid.
If I understand them correctly, Ebers-Moll equations are based on the exponential relationship between voltage and current in a BJT.
But tubes aren't current amplifiers, they're voltage amplifiers, like FETs.
You can look at the "characteristics curves" of tubes (plate curves and transconductance curves), which tell the story of current against plate-to-cathode voltages for fixed grid voltages.
The Koren equations are the only thing I've found.
"Improved vacuum tube models for SPICE simulations" https://normankoren.com/Audio/Tubemodspice_article.html
The intractability of the Triode is part of the reason why the Pentode exists. And, you will note, the Pentode curves in certain modes looks a lot like your bog standard MOSFET.
This also discusses how the "constants" ... well, aren't. https://www.john-a-harper.com/tubes201/
That’s exactly what I’m looking for! Thank you very much!
very good article! i am surprised how such simple circuit was used in the 5f1!
This is an interesting topic, but the ads overlaying the content make this very hard to read :(
* Please don't suggest I install an Ad blocker.
OK, have your {dad|fifth grader|IT manager} install an ad blocker.
What ads? Install an ad blocker.
Firefox Reader View is really great. Worth giving a try if you use Firefox.
Sorry, but adblock is a genuine quality of life hack for everyone online. Since you don't want to install anything, how about working at the DNS level and/or hosts level? https://adguard-dns.io/en/welcome.html will change your mind. https://github.com/Ultimate-Hosts-Blacklist is another option for doing it in the hosts file.
Install an Ad blocker. I'd recommend uBlockOrigin on Firefox, or Firefox for mobile.
I mean just in general it makes the web less awful. Webpages are so much easier on the eyes without all the crap they try to stuff in there.
And it can prevent malware, especially for those less tech-inclined.
And it means you use less data/bandwidth, since the blocker prevents the request from ever being made in the first place.
If you want to support a site, just buy a subscription or donate to them or something.
Ok, I suggest that you install the "Stoutner, privacy browser", which treats seeing text, as the default, with the ability to allow other content as optional, though certain sites that are still hand coded, show, as they always have....adds and all.
id never do it, but you could install an ad blocker
> WARNING: A tube amplifier chassis contains lethal high voltage even when unplugged--sometimes over 700 volts AC and 500 volts DC.
I promise you it does not contain AC when unplugged :)
Nope, probably not at all, and certainly not for very long.